A wide-ranging 38-module interdisciplinary curriculum in world art and culture, connecting art history, museums, conservation, performance, philosophy, policy, heritage, architecture, creative industries and scholarly research.
Programme Overview
World Art and Culture is an interdisciplinary research programme bringing together aesthetics, philosophy, sociology, art history, museum studies, cultural economics and digital technologies. Art is examined as a form of thought, a language of social life and an instrument of cultural development.
The curriculum comprises 38 subject modules and 380 named chapters. It examines artistic traditions from antiquity to contemporary digital culture, alongside cultural heritage, curatorship, conservation, performance, creative industries, intellectual property, research methods and public policy.
An Anthology of World Culture connects the curriculum through comparative study of painting, music, theatre, cinema, architecture, literature, photography, fashion, crafts and interactive media. The research pathway combines critical interpretation, historical evidence, case-based inquiry and the design of an independent scholarly project.
Academic research profile
World art, cultural systems and creative research
Investigate art histories and theories, museums, heritage, performing arts, design, cultural economics, creative industries, digital humanities and the intellectual traditions of artistic scholarship.
Intended research capabilities
Choose suitable historical, interpretive and empirical methods; analyse works and institutions in context; evaluate ethics and provenance; formulate original interdisciplinary research in art or culture.
Teaching and research materials combine the Academy's four core dimensions: methodological design, critical analytics, comparative international practice and the review of current scientific and jurisdiction-specific evidence.
18-month programme specification38 modules · 380 chaptersOnline · English and Russian
Structure and Curriculum
Browse all 38 research modules and their 380 chapter titles, translated and verified against the author’s original programme.
0 of 38 curriculum sections open
Module 1Theories of Art and Culture: Foundations and Boundaries+
Chapter 1Historiography and Methodologies of Art History
Chapter 2Culture as Text and Social Practice
Chapter 3Aesthetics and Criticism
Chapter 4Colonial and Decolonial Dimensions of Art
Chapter 5Gender, the Body and Representation
Chapter 6Research Ethics and Open Science
Chapter 7Philosophical Schools and Debates on the Nature of Art
Chapter 8Methodological Turns in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries
Chapter 9Institutions of Knowledge and Power
Chapter 10Methods of Synthesis and Interdisciplinary Research
Module 2History of World Art: Antiquity and the Middle Ages+
Chapter 1Art of the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean
Chapter 2Art of the Ancient Near East and Persia
Chapter 3Art of India, China and East Asia
Chapter 4African and Pre-Columbian American Art
Chapter 5Byzantium and Eastern Sacred Art
Chapter 6Medieval Europe: Romanesque, Gothic and Monastic Art
Chapter 7Early Christianity and the Formation of Iconographic Systems
Chapter 8Medieval Rus' and East Slavic Art
Chapter 9Islamic Art and the Culture of Ornament
Chapter 10Symbol, Form and the Evolution of Artistic Thought
Module 3History of World Art: The Renaissance to Modernism+
Chapter 1The Early Italian Renaissance
Chapter 2The High Renaissance and Rome
Chapter 3The Northern Renaissance
Chapter 4Mannerism and the Crisis of Harmony
Chapter 5The Baroque: Theatre of Faith and Power
Chapter 6Rococo, the Enlightenment and the Academies
Chapter 7Neoclassicism and Romanticism
Chapter 8Realism, Naturalism and Photography
Chapter 9Impressionism and Post-Impressionism
Chapter 10Symbolism, Art Nouveau and the Emergence of the Avant-Garde
Module 4Art after 1945: Contemporary and Recent Developments+
Chapter 1Post-War Developments and the Crisis of Modernism
Chapter 2Pop Art, Minimalism and Conceptual Art
Chapter 3Installation, Performance and Public Art
Chapter 4Reconsidering Painting and Sculpture
Chapter 5New Media and Video Art
Chapter 6Postcolonial and Global Art Scenes
Chapter 7Art Institutions, Markets and Curatorial Practice
Chapter 8Art and Politics
Chapter 9The Digital Age and Twenty-First-Century Art
Chapter 10Philosophy of Contemporary Art
Module 5Museums, Exhibitions and Exhibition Design+
Chapter 1Museum Missions, Typologies and Strategy
Chapter 2Collections: Acquisition, Management and Storage
Chapter 3Exhibition Design: Space, Light and Narrative
Chapter 4Curatorial Approaches and Artistic Practice
Chapter 5Audiences, Learning and Inclusion
Chapter 6Communication, Branding and Public Engagement
Chapter 7Exhibition Logistics and Insurance
Chapter 8Museum Law, Ethics and Reputation
Chapter 9Evaluation, Impact and Sustainability
Chapter 10Digital and Hybrid Exhibitions
Module 6Conservation and Restoration+
Chapter 1Materials of Artworks and Mechanisms of Deterioration
Chapter 2Technical Examination and Diagnostics
Chapter 3Conservation Principles and the Ethics of Intervention
Chapter 4Conservation Methods for Paintings and Works on Paper
Chapter 5Sculpture, Textiles and Decorative Arts
Chapter 6Photography, Film and Magnetic and Optical Media
Chapter 7Media Art and Digital Objects
Chapter 8Documentation, Storage and Environmental Control
Chapter 9Transport, Exhibitions and Insurance
Chapter 10Risk Management and Emergency Response
Module 7Heritage, Territories and Archaeology+
Chapter 1Cultural Heritage: Definitions and Typologies
Chapter 2Heritage Law and Protection Regimes
Chapter 3Archaeological Fieldwork Methods
Chapter 4Laboratory and Interdisciplinary Methods
Chapter 5Interpretation, Narratives and Public Archaeology
Chapter 6Urban Planning, Spatial Development and Heritage
Chapter 7Community Participation and Rights
Chapter 8Heritage Tourism, Economics and Sustainability
Chapter 9Threats, Losses and Conflict Zones
Chapter 10Heritage Project Management and Grant Funding
Module 8Theatre and Performing Arts+
Chapter 1The History of Theatre and Its Movements
Chapter 2Acting Schools and Techniques
Chapter 3Directing, Dramaturgy and Play Analysis
Chapter 4Scenography, Lighting, Sound and Technology
Chapter 5Musical Theatre, Opera and Ballet
Chapter 6Performance, Immersive Theatre and Site-Specific Work
Chapter 7Producing, Management and Performance Economics
Chapter 8Audiences, Inclusion and Education Programmes
Chapter 9Criticism, Research and Performing Arts Archives
Chapter 10Ethics, Safety and Company Wellbeing
Module 9Photography, Film, Digital Design and Game Arts+
Chapter 1History and Theory of Photography
Chapter 2Film Language and the History of World Cinema
Chapter 3Cinematography and Lighting
Chapter 4Editing, Sound and Post-Production
Chapter 5Digital Design: Principles and Processes
Chapter 6User Experience, User Interfaces and Immersive XR Environments
Chapter 7Game Art and Game Design
Chapter 8Production Pipelines for Film, Design and Games
Chapter 9Law, Ethics and Economics of Media Projects
Chapter 10Preservation and Archiving of Audiovisual and Gaming Heritage
Module 10Digital Humanities Practices and Art+
Chapter 1Digital Collections and Metadata
Chapter 2Computer Vision and Attribution
Chapter 3Network Analysis and Cultural Mapping
Chapter 4Augmented, Virtual and Mixed Reality in Humanities Projects
Chapter 5Digital Assets and Intellectual Property
Chapter 6Data Ethics and Open Science
Chapter 7Art Information Ecosystems
Chapter 8Digital Art and Artificial Intelligence
Chapter 9Empirical Audience Research
Chapter 10Publications, Data Visualisation and Research Repositories
Module 11Law in Culture: Intellectual Property, Compliance and Values+
Chapter 1Copyright: Foundations and International Frameworks
Chapter 2Related Rights and Media Law
Chapter 3Licensing and Contracts in Cultural Projects
Chapter 4Provenance, Restitution and Disputed Objects
Chapter 5Sanctions, Compliance and International Restrictions
Chapter 6Personal Data, Image Rights and Reputation
Chapter 7Platform Law and Content Moderation
Chapter 8Public Screenings, Exhibitions and Insurance
Chapter 9Ethical Standards and Codes of Conduct
Chapter 10Risk Management and Legal Design for Cultural Projects
Module 12Cultural Policy and Management of Cultural Institutions+
Chapter 1Theories and Models of Cultural Policy
Chapter 2Management of Cultural Organisations
Chapter 3Finance and Institutional Sustainability
Chapter 4Human Resource Management and Organisational Culture
Chapter 5Communication and Audience Engagement
Chapter 6Risk, Compliance and Crisis Management
Chapter 7Partnerships, Networks and International Cooperation
Chapter 8Audiences, Sociology of Culture and Social Impact
Chapter 9Leadership and Innovation in Culture
Chapter 10International Standards of Cultural Management
Module 13Creative Industries and the Economics of Art+
Chapter 1The Creative Economy: Frameworks and Metrics
Chapter 2Entrepreneurship and Business Models
Chapter 3Financing and Investment
Chapter 4Marketing, Branding and Communications
Chapter 5Creative Sectors: Music, Film, Games, Design, Fashion and Publishing
Chapter 6Intellectual Property Strategy and Rights Management
Chapter 7Territories, Clusters and Placemaking
Chapter 8Digital Platforms and the Creator Economy
Chapter 9Impact Assessment and Intangible Outcomes
Chapter 10ESG and Sustainable Creative Business Models
Module 14Politics, Diplomacy and Communication as Art+
Chapter 1Rhetoric and Public Speaking
Chapter 2Intercultural Negotiation
Chapter 3Communications and Media
Chapter 4Cultural Diplomacy
Chapter 5Nation Branding and Identity
Chapter 6Sanctions Regimes and the Ethics of International Communication
Chapter 7Crisis Communications
Chapter 8Visual Diplomacy and Symbolic Gestures
Chapter 9Public Programmes and Communication Through Art
Chapter 10Assessing Trust and Soft Power
Module 15The Art Market and Collecting+
Chapter 1The Structure and Cycles of the Art Market
Chapter 2Galleries, Fairs and Artist Representation
Chapter 3Auctions: Strategy, Procedures and Law
Chapter 4Valuation, Authentication and Attribution
Chapter 5Due Diligence, Compliance and Provenance
Chapter 6Collection Management and Storage
Chapter 7Financial Instruments and Fintech in the Art Market
Chapter 8Market Geography and Cultural Differences
Chapter 9Ethical Dilemmas and Art Market Sustainability
Chapter 10Collection Strategies and Succession Planning
Module 16Ethics, Inclusion and Community Engagement+
Chapter 1Ethical Foundations and Responsible Practice
Chapter 2Inclusive Design and Accessibility
Chapter 3Participatory Practice and Co-Creation
Chapter 4Memory, Trauma and Sensitive Heritage
Chapter 5Intercultural Sensitivity and Anti-Discrimination
Chapter 6Environmental Ethics and a Culture of Sustainability
Chapter 7Communication and Conflict Mediation
Chapter 8Institutional Policies and Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Compliance
Chapter 9Equity Metrics and Impact Assessment
Chapter 10Ethical Leadership and Staff Wellbeing
Module 17Research Methods and Data in the Arts+
Chapter 1Primary Sources and Archives
Chapter 2Qualitative Research Methods
Chapter 3Quantitative Research Methods
Chapter 4Scientific and Technical Examination of Artworks
Chapter 5Academic Writing and Presentation of Results
Chapter 6Research Data Management
Chapter 7Mixed-Methods Research
Chapter 8Research Ethics and Compliance
Chapter 9Digital Tools and Research Workflow Automation
Chapter 10PhD Project Design and Research Trajectory
Module 18Synthesis of the Arts and the Civilisational Codes of Culture+
Chapter 1Music History and the Evolution of Genres
Chapter 2Architecture, Artistic Styles and Design in Building History
Chapter 3Digital Design, Film and the Computer Games Industry
Chapter 4Costume History and the Fashion Industry
Chapter 5Theatre as an Art Form and the History of Theatre Movements
Chapter 6Traditional and Non-Traditional Art Forms Across Cultures
Chapter 7World Literature and Civilisational Development
Chapter 8Politics, Diplomacy and Communication as Art
Chapter 9Cross-Media Synthesis and Translation Across Art Forms
Chapter 10Images of the Twenty-First-Century Human: An Integrated Perspective
Module 19Psychology of Creativity and Aesthetic Perception+
Chapter 1Foundations of the Psychology of Creativity
Chapter 2Psychoanalysis and Depth-Psychological Approaches
Chapter 3Cognitive Psychology and Neuroaesthetics
Chapter 4Audience Psychology and Cultural Context
Chapter 5The Psychology of Artistic Work
Chapter 6Assessing and Developing Creativity
Chapter 7Empathy, Imagination and Intersubjectivity
Chapter 8Attention, Contemplation and Meditative Practices
Chapter 9Memory, Interpretation and Critical Judgement
Chapter 10Affect and Aesthetic Evaluation
Module 20Ecological Art and Cultures of Sustainability+
Chapter 1The History of Ecological Art and Environmental Turns
Chapter 2Land Art, Bio-Art and Living Materials
Chapter 3Climate as Narrative: Data Visualisation and Storytelling
Chapter 4Circular Design and Sustainable Materials
Chapter 5Carbon Budgets for Cultural Projects
Chapter 6Environmental Exhibitions and Green Production Practices
Chapter 7Rights, Policy and Climate Justice
Chapter 8Communities, Participation and Environmental Education
Chapter 9Funding, Partnerships and ESG
Chapter 10The Aesthetics of Sustainability and New Forms of Beauty
Module 21Music: History, Theory and Industry+
Chapter 1Music History: From Antiquity to Modernism
Chapter 2Music in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries
Chapter 3Music Theory and Composition
Chapter 4Ethnomusicology and Traditional Musical Practices
Chapter 5Performance and Music Education
Chapter 6Sound Recording and Music Production
Chapter 7The Music Industry and Distribution
Chapter 8Rights, Licensing and Collective Rights Management
Chapter 9Technology and the Future of Music
Chapter 10Research and Curatorship of Musical Projects
Module 22Architecture, Urban Planning and Environmental Design+
Chapter 1Architectural History: From Antiquity to Modernism
Chapter 2Architecture in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries: Doctrines and Practice
Chapter 3Urban Planning and Urban Morphology
Chapter 4Building Typologies and Architectural Programmes
Chapter 5Landscape Architecture and Green Infrastructure
Chapter 6Parametric and Building Information Modelling
Chapter 7Heritage and Adaptive Reuse
Chapter 8Museum Architecture and Cultural Spaces
Chapter 9Interiors, Lighting and Materials
Chapter 10Architectural Project Management and Sustainability
Module 23History of Costume, Fashion and the Fashion Industry+
Chapter 1Costume History: From Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century
Chapter 2Twentieth-Century Fashion: From Haute Couture to Ready-to-Wear
Chapter 3Fashion Theory and Visual Culture
Chapter 4Design, Pattern Cutting and Production Technologies
Chapter 5Collections, Creative Strategy and Brand Identity
Chapter 6Manufacturing and Supply Chains
Chapter 7Retail, Merchandising and Digital Sales
Chapter 8Sustainability, Circularity and Fashion Ethics
Chapter 9Fashion Law and Economics
Chapter 10The Future of Fashion: Digital and Phygital Environments
Module 24World Literature, Translation and Publishing+
Chapter 1World Literature: Canons and Counter-Canons
Chapter 2Genres and Forms: From Epic to Hypertext
Chapter 3Methods of Comparative Literature
Chapter 4Theory and Practice of Literary Translation
Chapter 5Editing, Proofreading and Manuscript Preparation
Chapter 6Publishing Processes and Book Production
Chapter 7The Economics and Marketing of Book Publishing
Chapter 8Rights, Contracts and International Licensing
Chapter 9Digital Publishing and New Formats
Chapter 10Literary Criticism, Festivals and Public Programmes
Module 25Traditional and Folk Arts: Crafts, Rituals and Intangible Heritage+
Chapter 1The Theory of Intangible Cultural Heritage
Chapter 2Crafts: Technologies, Materials and Workshops
Chapter 3Musical and Dance Traditions
Chapter 4Oral Traditions and Narrative Forms
Chapter 5Food Cultures and Gastronomic Heritage
Chapter 6Festivals, Seasonal Cycles and Community Performance
Chapter 7Community Rights, Intellectual Property and Repatriation
Chapter 8The Economics of Tradition: Sustainable Models and Tourism
Chapter 9Revitalisation and Contemporary Reinterpretation
Chapter 10Management and Impact Assessment of Intangible Heritage Projects
Module 26Theory and History of Theatre and Performance+
Chapter 1Historical Foundations: From Ritual to the Theatre as Institution
Chapter 2Theories of Drama and the Postdramatic Turn
Chapter 3Directing: Schools, Methods and Interpretation
Chapter 4Acting Techniques: Body, Voice and Attention
Chapter 5Scenography, Lighting, Sound and Media
Chapter 6Performance Art, Immersive and Site-Specific Theatre
Chapter 7Musical Theatre, Opera and Ballet
Chapter 8Production Management and Theatre Economics
Chapter 9Criticism, Archives and Research Methods
Chapter 10Theatre and Society: Politics, Inclusion and Therapy
Module 27Cinema: History, Theory and Production+
Chapter 1The History of World Cinema: Lines of Development
Chapter 2Film Theory: Framing, Editing and Authorship
Chapter 3Screenwriting and Dramaturgy
Chapter 4Cinematography and Visual Style
Chapter 5Sound, Music and Sound Design
Chapter 6Post-Production: Editing, Colour Grading and Visual Effects
Chapter 7Documentary and Hybrid Forms
Chapter 8Producing, Budgets and Logistics
Chapter 9Distribution, Festivals and Marketing
Chapter 10Film Production Law, Ethics and Sustainability
Module 28Photography: History, Theory and Practice+
Chapter 1The History of Photography: Processes, Schools and Turning Points
Chapter 2Image Theory and Visual Anthropology
Chapter 3Cameras, Lenses and Optics
Chapter 4Lighting and Exposure
Chapter 5Genres and Photographic Practice
Chapter 6Digital Workflow: From RAW Files to Archives
Chapter 7Colour, Black-and-White and Printing
Chapter 8Photobooks, Exhibitions and Curatorial Presentation
Chapter 9Law, Ethics and Safety
Chapter 10Professional Ecosystems and Career Development
Module 29Game Arts and Interactive Media+
Chapter 1The History and Theory of Games
Chapter 2Systems Design and Core Gameplay
Chapter 3Narrative Design and Story Structures
Chapter 4Visual Style, Art Direction and Technical Pipelines
Chapter 5Level Design and Spatial Dramaturgy
Chapter 6Sound, Music and Interactive Audio Systems
Chapter 7Development Pipelines and Project Management
Chapter 8Game Economics, Publishing and Live Operations
Chapter 9Ethics, Law, Inclusion and Accessibility
Chapter 10Experimental Formats and the Future of Game Art
Module 30Global Cultural Networks, Festivals and Biennales+
Chapter 1Mapping Global Cultural Infrastructure
Chapter 2Festival and Biennale Models and Curatorial Approaches
Chapter 3Selection and Applications: Programme Entry Strategies
Chapter 4Co-Productions, Touring and International Performance Models
Chapter 5Law, Contracts and Compliance
Chapter 6Event Production and Logistics
Chapter 7Communications, Branding and International Public Relations
Chapter 8Audiences and Professional Visitors
Chapter 9Financing, Fundraising and ESG
Chapter 10Impact Assessment and Ecosystem Sustainability
Module 31Curatorial Practice, Museum Studies and Exhibition Design+
Chapter 1The History of Curating and Exhibition Models
Chapter 2Curatorial Research and Building an Evidence Base
Chapter 3Exhibition Dramaturgy and Display Narratives
Chapter 4Exhibition Design, Graphics and Lighting
Chapter 5Collections, Storage and Conservation
Chapter 6Digital Layers: Multimedia, XR and Online Museums
Chapter 7Exhibition Rights, Contracts and Insurance
Chapter 8Public Programmes and Museum Education
Chapter 9Communications, Branding and Visitor Engagement
Chapter 10Impact Assessment, Sustainability and Economic Models
Module 32Academic Publishing, Research Grants and Scholarly Communication+
Chapter 1Developing a Research Publication Strategy
Chapter 2The Structure of Scholarly Articles and Manuscripts
Chapter 3Peer Review and Responding to Reviewers
Chapter 4Monographs, Catalogues and Exhibition Publications
Chapter 5Open Science, Data and Reproducibility
Chapter 6Grant Proposals: From Research Idea to Budget
Chapter 7Academic Presentations and Public Lectures
Chapter 8Research Ethics and Authorship
Chapter 9Academic Networks, Residencies and Professional Profile
Chapter 10Scientific Visualisation and Communication Design
Module 33Art Pedagogy, Museum Mediation and Educational Design+
Chapter 1Learning Theories and Aesthetic Education
Chapter 2Learning Pathways in Art
Chapter 3Museum Education and Mediation
Chapter 4Curriculum and Programme Design
Chapter 5Methods of Teaching Art
Chapter 6Education Technology and Digital Learning Environments
Chapter 7Assessment, Rubrics and Evidence of Learning
Chapter 8Inclusion, Ethics and Sensitive Content
Chapter 9Arts in Education
Chapter 10Management of Educational Programmes
Module 34Digital Humanities, Cultural Analytics and Artificial Intelligence+
Chapter 1Digital Humanities and Cultural Analytics: An Overview
Chapter 2Cultural Data: Sources, Collection and Cleaning
Chapter 3Corpus-Based Methods and Natural Language Processing in the Humanities
Chapter 4Visual Data: Computer Vision and Style
Chapter 5Network Analysis and Cultural Graphs
Chapter 6Spatiotemporal Analysis and Mapping
Chapter 7Visualisation and Cultural Analytics Design
Chapter 8AI in Culture: Generation, Classification and Research Assistance
Chapter 9Repositories, Reproducibility and Open Science
Chapter 10Interpretation and the Humanities Argument
Module 35Cultural Heritage: Conservation, Restoration and Repatriation+
Chapter 1Conservation Theory and Ethics
Chapter 2Materials and Deterioration
Chapter 3Diagnostics and Scientific Methods
Chapter 4Conservation of Paintings, Graphic Works and Manuscripts
Chapter 5Conservation of Sculpture, Archaeological and Architectural Heritage
Chapter 6Preventive Conservation and Storage
Chapter 7Repatriation, Restitution and Disputed Provenance
Chapter 8Digital Conservation and Digitisation
Chapter 9Conservation Project Management and Communication
Chapter 10Case Studies and Standards: From ICOM and ICOMOS to Local Regulations
Module 36Religion, Myth and Sacred Art+
Chapter 1Myth as a System of Meanings and Images
Chapter 2Sacred Spaces and Architecture
Chapter 3Iconography and Visual Canons
Chapter 4Ritual, Performance and Sound
Chapter 5Sacred Texts, Books and Calligraphy
Chapter 6The Body, Dress and Ritual Objects
Chapter 7Religion, Power and Representation
Chapter 8Intercultural Contact and Syncretism
Chapter 9Curating and Museum Practice with Sacred Heritage
Chapter 10Contemporary Art and the Sacred Today
Module 37Cultures of the Future: Forecasting, Futurology and Artistic Scenarios+
Chapter 1Theories of the Future and Cultural Futurology
Chapter 2Cultural Foresight and Scenario Planning
Chapter 3Art and Technology: Humans and Posthumans
Chapter 4Architecture and Cities of the Future
Chapter 5Film, Literature and Art as Forms of Foresight
Chapter 6Digital and Virtual Aesthetics
Chapter 7Ecology and the Culture of a Sustainable Future
Chapter 8Social and Political Utopias of the Twenty-First Century
Chapter 9Forecasting Methods and Scenario Visualisation
Chapter 10The Artist, Researcher and Curator of the Future
Module 38Global Cultural Identities and Intercivilisational Dialogue+
Chapter 1Theories of Identity and Civilisational Models
Chapter 2Regional Cultural Areas and Their Symbolic Codes
Chapter 3Language, Translation and Intercultural Pragmatics
Chapter 4Memory, Trauma and Policies of Recognition
Chapter 5Media, Platforms and the Politics of Representation
Chapter 6Art as Diplomacy and Mediation
Chapter 7Migration, Diasporas and Cities of Encounter
Chapter 8Inclusion, Diversity and Cultural Rights
Chapter 9Dialogue Formats, Facilitation and Mediation
Academic development begins with a clear research question and appropriate methodological design. Analytical models are examined alongside international cases and applicable jurisdiction-specific legal requirements. Scientific and regulatory claims are evaluated through source verification and continuing methodological review.
This page represents the Academy's programme development and intellectual property portfolio. Delivery, assessment and award of qualifications, where applicable, are separate institutional responsibilities.